The Media Accountability Project  

“Israel has without doubt at all times relevant to the mandate of the Mission exercised effective control over the Gaza Strip. The Mission is of the view that the circumstances of this control establish that the Gaza Strip remains occupied by Israel. The provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention therefore apply at all relevant times with regard to the obligations of Israel towards the population of the Gaza Strip.”^[2]

Similarly, earlier in 2023, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reaffirmed its longstanding position that it:

“Considers Gaza to remain occupied territory on the basis that Israel still exercises key elements of authority over the strip, including over its borders (airspace, sea and land – at the exception of the border with Egypt). Even though Israel no longer maintains a permanent presence inside the Gaza Strip, it continues to be bound by certain obligations under the law of occupation that are commensurate with the degree to which it exercises control over it.”^[3]

The United Nations and its various bodies continue to assert that Gaza is occupied Palestinian territory:

• UN Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) stressed that the “Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in 1967.”^[4]
• The United Nations General Assembly approves a series of resolutions every year which affirm that Gaza is considered occupied Palestinian territory.^[5]
• Major United Nations investigations have referred to the “occupied Gaza strip,” including the Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza conflict (2009) (a.k.a. “Goldstone Report”),^[6] the Commission of Inquiry on the 2018 protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2019),^[7] and the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel (2022), which concluded that “Israel remains in occupation of Gaza by virtue of the control exercised over, inter alia, its airspace and territorial waters, its land crossings at the borders and its supply of civilian infrastructure, including water and electricity.”^[8]
• Humanitarian and human rights issues in Gaza fall under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt),^[9] and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967,^[10] among other UN bodies and agencies which similarly view Gaza as occupied.
• In 2021, the International Criminal Court (ICC)’s pre-trial chamber determined that the court’s jurisdiction “extends to the territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.”^[11]

This international consensus is reflected in the official policy of the Canadian government, which includes Gaza among “occupied territories”:

• “Canada does not recognize permanent Israeli control over territories occupied in 1967 (the Golan Heights, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip). The Fourth Geneva Convention applies in the occupied territories and establishes Israel's obligations as an occupying power, in particular with respect to the humane treatment of the inhabitants of the occupied territories.”^[12]

This position is also shared by prominent human rights and humanitarian organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (see above). Prominent humanitarian NGOs including Save the Children,^[13] Oxfam,^[14] and Islamic Relief^[15] consider Gaza as part of the occupied Palestinian territories. Further:

• Human Rights Watch (HRW) argued in 2004 that disengagement “would not end Israel’s occupation of the territory. As an occupying power, Israel will retain responsibility for the welfare of Gaza’s civilian population.” As HRW explained, “Under international law, the test for determining whether an occupation exists is effective control by a hostile army, not the positioning of troops. Whether the Israeli army is inside Gaza or redeployed around its periphery and restricting entrance and exit, it remains in control.”^[16]
• Israeli human rights NGO Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement argued shortly after disengagement in 2007 that Israel continued to be an occupying power and that it asserts effective control, describing how “Israel continues to control Gaza through an ‘invisible hand’: control over borders, airspace, territorial waters, population registry, the tax system, supply of goods, and others.”^[17]
• Amnesty International concluded in 2022: “Even though Israel withdrew Israeli settlers from the Gaza Strip in 2005, it retained effective control over the territory, which it tightened further through an unlawful air, sea and land blockade, and an official policy separating Gaza from the West Bank, following Hamas’s takeover of the territory two years later. As a result, the entirety of the West Bank and Gaza Strip remains under Israeli military occupation, with Israel controlling the Palestinian population living there, their natural resources and, with the exception of Gaza’s short southern border with Egypt, their land and sea borders and airspace.”^[18]